De Kooning Dies At 92
De Kooning Dies At 92
Willem de Kooning, widely considered the greatest American painter of the postwar era, is dead at the age of 92. The giant of Abstract Expressionism died at his Springs studio at 5:30 yesterday morning from complications of Alzheimer's disease.
De Kooning had lived full time in Springs since 1963. While many other prominent artists have lived and worked on the East End, few have been so immersed in the place, or so profoundly affected by it.
Together with Jackson Pollock, de Kooning was the pre-eminent figure of Abstract Expressionism, the first art movement in the United States to advance beyond European examples and the first to influence art in Europe. Other first-generation members of what is also known as the New York School include, among others, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Adolph Gottlieb, Clyfford Still, James Brooks, Lee Krasner, and, more loosely, Hans Hofmann and Arshile Gorky.
W.P.A. Shaped Career
The artist was born in Rotterdam, Holland, and received a classical art education at the Rotterdam Academy of Fine Art. In 1926, when he was 22, he jumped ship illegally in America and found work as a house painter. A turning point came in 1935 when he joined the Works Progress Administration's Federal Art Project, where he met many other artists.
It was his work with the W.P.A., and the encouragement of the painters John Graham, Stuart Davis, and, in particular, his close friend Gorky, that led to his becoming a full-time artist. His subject matter was the figure and landscape, both of which he explored in varying degrees of abstraction.
De Kooning met his wife, the painter Elaine Fried, in 1938 and married her five years later. It was an unconventional marriage from the start. Both were driven by art, both were heavy drinkers, and both pursued other romances. At one point de Kooning said to her, "We live like a couple of bachelors. What we need is a wife."
Artist's Milieu
Their early life together was characterized by the camaraderie of an artist's milieu in Greenwich Village coupled with extreme poverty. De Kooning did not officially sell a painting until 1943 and he was 44 years old before he had his first solo show in 1948.
He was one of the founders of the Club, the informal association of New York artists that met from 1949 through the late '50s for discussion and socializing, and among the first artists to convert a downtown industrial loft into a studio.
After meeting his wife, de Kooning started to paint large gestural portraits of women, edging gradually toward what he described as the "melodrama of vulgarity" of his famous "Woman" paintings.
No Pretensions
While he was as knowledgeable about the history of art as any American artist in this century, he was drawn to what the art critic Thomas Hess called the "concept of the American banal," always asserting the commonplace view of things over intellectual, social, or political pretensions.
He was a harsh critic of his own work, destroying more paintings than he kept. Many were saved, according to his wife, only because someone bought them straight off the easel.
He initiated works by taking images already available, things seen from the corner of the eye or flashing past on a billboard or studied in a museum, and then worked on the images, transforming them again and again. For example, he worked on "Woman I" for two years, according to Mr. Hess, scraping down and repainting the surface "at least 50" times.
De Kooning described himself as a "slipping glimpser," an odd phrase but one extremely evocative of how the artist experienced things - quickly, spontaneously, obliquely, while off-balance.
In the late '40s, the artist painted a series of predominantly black paintings which were shown at the Samuel Kootz Gallery in a show called "Black and White," along with work by Motherwell, Hofmann, Gottlieb, Mark Tobey, and William Baziotes.
At his first solo show, at the Charles Egan Gallery, he did not sell anything, but the exhibit got a lot of press attention and one painting, "Mailbox," was chosen for the Whitney Annual. Prompted by the reviews - the eminent critic Clement Greenberg had called de Kooning "one of the four or five most important painters in this country" - Josef Albers asked the artist to teach at Black Mountain College.
The "Woman" paintings that dated from just after his return from Black Mountain were shown by Leo Castelli in the famous Ninth Street Show in 1950 and at the Sidney Janis Gallery. But they received their first major public viewing, and caused a critical uproar, at his third solo show in March 1953, also at Sidney Janis.
Of that show James Fitzsimmons wrote that de Kooning painted "in a fury of lust and hatred," in "bloody hand-to-hand combat." Others accused him of misogyny and referred to the woman portrayed as predatory and rapacious, a harridan, a frightening goddess, an evil muse. While Harold Rosenberg remained his staunchest defender, Mr. Greenberg turned against him.
Debate has continued over the years but was eventually summed up by Carter Ratcliff: "We can argue forever about the nature of de Kooning's message. To claim to know precisely what he expresses is to reveal one's needs and fears, not his."
By the mid-'50s, de Kooning had both critical acclaim and financial reward, as well as the kind of fame that would eventually drive him to leave Manhattan for good.
"I have no need to be celebrated," he said to Mr. Rosenberg, "to shake hands with a lot of people. In the end it's just your friends and your work that count." (When he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 he asked in bemusement, "What on earth have I done for freedom?")
He and Elaine de Kooning separated, and in 1957 she left New York to teach in New Mexico. They lived apart for 20 years until she returned in the 1970s to help him fight alcoholism and to enter a new and productive phase of painting.
Meanwhile, de Kooning was spending more and more time on the East End. He had bought a house on Accabonac Road, and when he was in the country he lived there with Joan Ward, who in 1956 gave birth to his only child, Lisa.
Perhaps in response to the pressure of being an art-world phenomenon, the painter moved full time to Springs in 1963 and built a large new house and studio, which he designed himself, on Woodbine Drive. He started painting there the following year, but did not move in for some years, instead bicycling home each evening to the small house on Accabonac Road. He never learned to drive.
The move had a profound effect on de Kooning's art. "Actually I've fallen in love with nature," he said in an interview. "I don't know the names of the trees, but I see things in nature very well. I've got a good eye for them, and they look back at me."
He went to Manhattan less and less often. Once his studio was finished exactly as he wished, he entered upon a productive period of painting that included a renewed examination of the "Woman" theme.
David Sylvester, an English art historian and curator who writes of de Kooning as the supreme painterly painter of the human figure since Picasso, calls 1977, no less than the groundbreaking years of the late '40s, the annus mirabilis of de Kooning's career.
The artist was in his mid-70s and creating both sculpture and a series of transcendental, loosely painted works that teem with energy and belong, says Mr. Sylvester, with the powerful canvases painted by Monet, Bonnard, Renoir, and Titian at the same age.
"I made those paintings one after the other, no trouble at all," de Kooning told the art writer Sam Hunter in 1975. "I couldn't miss. It's a nice feeling. It's strange. It's like a man at a gambling table [who] feels that he can't lose. But when he walks away with all the dough, he knows he can't do that again. Because then it gets self-conscious. I wasn't self-conscious. I just did it."
But the decade also saw its share of violent alcoholic episodes and, by the end, the first signs of Alzheimer's. By the beginning of the '90s de Kooning had stopped painting and needed round-the-clock caretakers. Much of the artist's work dating from the onset of disability until it finally consumed him can be seen in the current show at the Museum of Modern Art.
The show seems to have put critics on the spot, unable to agree whether the simple, pared-down paintings in primary colors, which retain a formal cohesion, show an intellectual decline or merely a release from the violent demons of the artist's youth.
What is in no doubt at all is de Kooning's place in history. In November 1996, "Woman," painted in 1949, was sold at auction for $15.6 million. It was the highest auction price of the year and the third highest price ever paid for a contemporary painting.
Major exhibits of de Kooning's work include those held at the Guggenheim in 1978, a retrospective at the Whitney in 1983 that traveled to Berlin and Paris, and shows that marked his 90th year at the National Gallery and the Hirschhorn Museum in Washington, both of which traveled internationally.
Commenting on de Kooning's truly extraordinary career, Robert Storr, who curated the current show at MoMA, drew attention in particular to the continuity of the artist's personality in his work, even in the last sad years, and said of his death:
"All artists have a set of people leaning over their shoulders, either living or ghosts. But nonetheless it's disconcerting when a living presence becomes a historical figure. You're never ready for it."
In addition to his daughter, Liesbeth de Kooning Villeneauve, and her mother, Joan Ward, the artist is survived by three grandchildren, Isabel, Emma, and Lucienne.
A funeral service will be held at 1 p.m. on Saturday at St. Luke's Church in East Hampton.